AP WORLD FORMAT 2024 CED Notes | Knowt (2024)

Multiple Choice: 40% - Total of 55 min

55 min - 55 questions

Short Answer: 20% - Total of 40 min

Each has 3 parts (1a,1b,1c)

SAQ 1 1200 - 2001 - Historical development/processes using a secondary source stimulus

SAQ 2 1200 - 2001 - Historical development/processes using a primary source stimulus

Pick one

SAQ 3 1200 - 1750 - Historical development/processes using no stimulus

SAQ 4 1750 - 2001 - Historical development/processes using no stimulus

10 MINUTE BREAK

Document Based: 25% - Total 60 min (albert.io)

1450 - 2001

Thesis w/ broad historical context

Support doc using at least 4 documents

At least one additional piece of evidence not found in any of the documents

At least one additional piece of evidence not found in any of the documents to support thesis

At least 2 documents - explain how or why the document’s point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience is relevant to an argument

Just overall show your understanding and use sophisticated evidence

Long Essay: 15% - Total 40 min

Pick one option and find the historical development or processes

Option 1: 1200 - 1750

Option 2: 1450 - 1900

Option 3: 1750 - 2001

Thesis w/ broad historical context

Support doc using at least 2 pieces of evidence

Use general historical reasoning (comparison, causation, continuity, change over time) as structure

Just show overall understanding and sophisticated evidence

TASK VERBS

Compare: Provide a description or explanation of similarities and/or differences.

Describe: Provide the relevant characteristics of a specified topic.

Evaluate: Judge or determine the significance or importance of information, or accuracy of a claim.

Explain: Provide information about how or why a relationship, process, pattern, position, situation, or outcome occurs, using evidence and/or reasoning.

Explain “how”: Requires analyzing the relationship, process, pattern, position, situation, or outcome

Explain “why”: Requires analysis of motivations or reasons for the relationship, process, pattern, position, situation, or outcome.

Identify: Indicate or provide information about a specified topic, without elaboration or explanation.

Support an argument: Provide specific examples and explain how they support a claim.

OFFICIAL CED: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-world-history-modern-course-and-exam-description.pdf

PRACTICE SITES WITH MULTIPLE CHOICE PER UNIT:

https://highschooltestprep.com/ap/

https://www.kaptest.com/study/ap-world-history/ap-world-history-practice-questions-quiz-1/

Past FRQs - https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-world-history/exam/past-exam-questions

AP WORLD YOUTUBE CHANNELS:

Heimler’s History - https://www.youtube.com/@heimlershistory

Youtube Live Review May 12,13,14 at 8PM

Anti - Social Studies - https://www.youtube.com/@AntiSocialStudies/videos

Freeman Pedia - https://www.youtube.com/@Freeman_pedia/videos

College Board (Sessions containing all parts of the test and old live reviews) -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8UQ_9g7EcE&list=PLoGgviqq4845dmFXqxdQ3LBR2fxLgv0GM

Griggs Slideshows:

Ch 10 Post Classical Period 500 - 1450

Ch 11 476 CE Turning Point for European History but mainly just know Feudalism, Inquisition, Plague

Ch 12 Pre Columbian Americas 1000 - 1500s

Ch 13 is 500 - 1300s China Dynasties but i'm pretty sure its background info that's not on the test

Ch 14 Early Japan and Korea - also not sure

Ch 15 MONGOLS

1. Middle East
2. Abbasid Empire (Caliphate) 750 - 1258
3. Overthrew Umayyad dynasty because it was too secular - Battle of River Zab and moved to the capital of Baghdad “House of Wisdom’”

Classical knowledge preserved from Ancient Greece and Rome

1. North Africa and the Middle East during mid 8th century (750 AD)
2. Arabic language and islamic culture w/ Persian bureaucrats (Wazair)
3. Women had some rights and killing of female infants were limited but Persian society made them even more patriarchal - veiling woman & harems
4. Seljuk Empire 1055
5. Turkic invaders established own dynasty and ruled much of Abbasid
6. Primarily Sunni muslims to purge Shi’a muslims
7. Mamluks 1250 - 1517
8. Turkish dynasty established by slave warriors that overthrew Ayyubids and managed to stop Mongol incursions into the Levant in the mid 13th
9. Spread of Islam
10. Indian Ocean Trade by Arab merchants - Dar Al Islam (House of Islam)
11. Led to universities (education) and new arts for architecture and paintings
12. Al - Khwarizmi - persian mathematician & Ibn Khaldun - historical scholar
13. Muslim architecture emphasized pointed domes
14. Europe
15. Background Info
16. Roman empire invaded 100 - 500 CE by Germanic and Hunnic tribes so local germanic leaders ruled roman land - led to Middle Ages 9th - 15th
17. Kings gave Vassals land for loyalty and military aid. Vassals have shelter, food and protection for labor and rent
18. Decentralized political system and economic system of manorialism - self sufficient
19. Culturally - romance languages by blending of germanic languages
20. Viking invasions into western europe 8th - 10th led to fear yet also stimulated trade - Hanseatic league
21. Religion and the West v. East Europe
22. Roman Catholic Church in West

• Modest women, clergy (church leaders) taught that everyone was a sinned but could reach salvation, had own law
• Land and title of lord was passed down via primogeniture
• Jews in Medieval europe were mostly persecuted and prevented them from owning land or getting jobs - anti semitism. Inquisition
• Crusades - increased trade - plague (1347 - 1352)

1. Eastern Orthodox Church in East - Byzantine Empire

• Managed to defend themselves from Arab and Turkish invaders
• Constantinople served as political, religious, and trade capital
• Imperialized bureaucracy - patricians controlled by senate by inheritance
• Socially it was culturally diverse yet had a hierarchical organization
• Bishops - Priests - Monastic Clergy (monks, nuns)

1. Northeast Byzantine had Slavic/Nordic Tribes - traded through diffusion and became christian
2. Asia
3. India (South Asia)
4. 1206 - established Delhi Sultanate - North India

• Mostly Hindu people but Turkish muslim rulers who didn't have much power - Majority Muslim people in the north - Destroyed Hindu temples
• Made non - Muslims pay a tax

1. Vijayanagara Empire in 1336 - Southern India

• Hinduism and concept of rebirth

1. Rajput Kingdoms: Consisted of different Hindu principalities but united to resist Muslim forces. Managed to put down Muslium Mugal forces 1191-1527
2. South East Asia
3. Khmer Empire

• Established 9th century and located in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
• Predominantly Hindu through Indian Ocean Trade Network
• Skilled at architecture and built Angor Wat (Hindu Universe in a stone structure)
• Thriving economy controlled by women until 1431 - Thai invaders

1. Japan
2. Feudalism in Japan

• Shogun as figurehead emperor —- 1192 CE Yoritomo Minamoto
• Daimyo or samurai with the real power
• Despite China having Confuciansm, Buddhism, and Zen, Japan continued with Shintoism,

1. China
2. End of Tang and Start of Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 CE)

• Footbinding for elite women
• Neo-confucianism (from Tang) led to civil service exams (led to scholar gentry class) and saw buddhism as a rival and drain because it dismissed the need for material accumulation
• Religion: Buddhism, Eightfold Path
• Equal field system: redistribution of land to lower class and prevent over concentration of wealth in aristocracy
• Capital shifted to Hangzhou and increased urbanization, job specialization, and improved productivity
• Used paper money and traded tea/porcelain/magnetic compass, gunpowder, printing press

1. Africa
2. West Africa
3. Ghana - first to develop and established gold - salt trade
4. Mali - Unified in 1260 and trade city Timbuktu

• established along Niger River & had Mansa Musa as 9th sultan (1312 - 1337)
• Mansa Musa traveled through desert - devaluing of gold

1. Songhai -
2. Hausa Kingdoms - Modern Nigeria 15th century

• Economic stability and religious influence through long distance trade
• Local resources consisting of salt, leather, and had agriculture
• Wealthy city of Kano, destination for travelers

1. Sub Saharan Africa
2. 1000 had agriculture but no centralized government
3. Americas
4. Pre Columbian Civilization
5. Olmec - Central America
6. Aztec - Southern Mexico

• Chinampas - floating island for irrigation and agriculture
• Centralized government
• Capital city of Tenochtitlan - Lake Texcoco
• Stratified Hierarchy - Caipulli - Divided social class w/ distinct rules

1. Maya - Southern Mexico and Central America

• Independent city states each ruled by their own king
• Relied on maize and potatoes - little evidence of pastoralism
• Developed own architect - temples for rituals & paintings
• Calendar system

1. Inca - South America

• Terrence farming - dig into sides of mountains to maximize agriculture
• Unified different tribes by ayllus (kinship)
• All citizens guaranteed sustenance given by government
• Land was communal and rented in form of mita tax
• Developed a road system called Qhapaq Nan

Mongol Rule (1206 - 1368)

General Info:

Emerged in 13th century as largest land based empire and replaced powerful empires across Eurasia but had little change in developing their own works

1. NO new religion, or lasting civilization

Ruled entire land mass through 4 khanates

Networks of exchange (trade routes) increased significantly

1. Silk roads thrived b/c the large empire provided safety and continuity along them
2. Facilitated increase in communication and cooperation across the empire
3. Mongols extracted international trade and great wealth
4. Facilitated technological and cultural transfers

• Created conditions for transfer of greek and islamic medical knowledge to western europe
• Adopted Uyghur script from Turkic muslim group

Genghis (Chinggis) Khan

1. Philosophy: Man’s greatest joy is in victory – basically kill everyone and take their tools/horses
2. Most known for military power - Used horses, bow & arrows, and attacked empires that were already deteriorating. (Ex: No central government in India, Song Dynasty weakened by nomadic tribes & had internal corruption, Abbasid overthrown by Selijuk Turks in 1258)
3. Once land was conquered, they made use of those who were educated or had specialized knowledge
4. Religious tolerance, reorganized army so each unit had a mix of ethnic/tribal people, abolished torture, insituted postal system for communication

China (1209 - 1279)

1. Genghis’s grandson Kublai Khan - Conquered Song Dynasty and established Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368 CE)

• Forbade intermarriage, Chinese from learning Mongol script, and Chinese scholars working in his government.
• Yet he was interested in the chinese civilization so he used their calendar and rituals —---- also allowed foreign visitors (Marco Polo)
• Refused to reinstate the exam system so hated by scholar gentry class

Middle East (1258 - 1335 CE)

1. Genghis’s grandson Hulehu Khan - Destroyed Baghdad and overthrew Abbasid Caliphate
2. Mamluk Turks in Egypt rose in rebellion against Hulehu’s forces - Ottoman rose to power

Griggs Slideshows:

Ch 18 - Transformation of West 1350 - 1750

Ch 19 - Early Latin America

Ch 20 - Africa (According to Griggs not as prominent)

Ch 21 - Russia (After slide 5)

Ch 22 - Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Ch 23 - Asian Transitions (Ming & Qing Dynasty w/ Japan under Tokugawa 1603 - 1868)

Land Based Empire: An empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings

1. EXPANSION * ADDITION OF GUNPOWDER,CANNONS AND ARMED TRADE TO ESTABLISH LARGE EMPIRES* (Mongols gone)
2. Ottoman Empire (Sunni) (1300 - 1900)
3. Adopted gunpowder weapons - originated in China but spread via Silk Roads

• Conquered constantinople/istanbul under Mehmed 2 (1453)
• Traveled into eastern europe and gained the help of christians by converting them to Islam and use them for military (Janissaries)

2. Safavid Empire in Middle East (Shi’a) (1501 - 1736)

1. Leadership of Shah Ismail - gunpowder to conquer neighboring states (Persia)

• Also established an enslaved army (Caucasus region)
• Differing in types of Islam led to religious conflict (Ottoman) — state rivalries
• EXAMPLE OF CONFLICT: Safavid v. Mughal - Fought over modern day Afghanistan and pre war, Mughal had control but when they left to fight somewhere else, Safavid took over

3. Mughal Empire (Sunni) (1526 - 1761)

1. 1526 Babur took over and led campaigns to rid the Delhi Sultanate

• Used gunpowder for weapons then under new leader, Akbar (Babur’s son)
• Tension b/c during Delhi, they were Hindu while new rulers were Muslim. Akbar was tolerant of all belief systems but still kept Muslims in power - led to prosperity
• Didn't use a slave system
• 1803 lost all power to the British and they took over territory

4. Qing Dynasty/Manchu Empire (1636 - 1912)

1. Sui - Tang - Song - Yuan - Ming (ethnically Han) - Qing - Republic of China

• Increased military with gunpowder
• Ethnically different from subjects
• Economy failed because of peasant revolts, inflation of silver and peasants to pay taxes
• Zheng He led to increase in exploration but ended by Hong Xi b/c seen as a waste of money
• But there was an increase in population and urbanization

1. New Manchu people took over to create Qing Dynasty and assimilated into Chinese

• Kang Xi and also confucius (1661 - 1722) and conquered land like Taiwan and Mongolia to demand for tribute — increased resistance
• Tibet paid tributes (only traded though certain ports – self imposed isolation)
• CONTINUITY: remained ethnocentric and used confucianism

5. Russia

1. Ivan the Great Tsar (3) - Ivan the Terrible (issues b/c did not have heir) Mikhail Romanov - Peter the Great

• Kiev as their capital which was a key trade city but then moved to Moscow became the center of orthodox church (Byzantine influenced by diffusion) which was reflected in the arch.
• Tsar - Boyars - Serfs (moved east and helped russia expand

1. S
2. S
3. ADMINISTRATION: How rulers established their authority and used certain methods to transfer power from another group to themselves

Formation of Bureaucracies — Development of Military Professionals —- Religious Ideas, Art, and Architecture — Innovations on Tax Collection Systems

1. Civil Service Exam in China

• Test system to recruit individuals for the government

1. Ottoman’s Devshirme Bureaucratic System

• Used this system to staff bureaucracy with highly trained individuals - workers got elite positions (Janissaries)

1. European Monarchs gained power through religious belief of Divine Right of Kings

• Idea that monarch were god's representative of Earth - legitimized authority

1. Qing (Manchu) Dynasty - Emperor Kang Xi

• Used imperial portraits all over the city and surrounded by confucian books

1. Incas using religious temples (Sun Temple)

• Held high religious festivals - associated with gods - legitimize d power

1. Louis 14 in France Palace of Versailles

• Nobles had to live in palace and attempted to gain attention therefore transferring the power from nobles to Louis

1. Zamindar Tax System by Mughal Empire

• Elite landowners who were granted authority to tax peasants living on their land on the behalf of the imperial government (Eventually corruption and skimmed)

1. Ottoman Tax Farming System

• The right to tax subjects of the empire was awarded to the highest bidder

1. Aztec Tribute Lists

• Gave tribute lists to the land they conquered filled with the goods they were responsible for sending to the imperial government (Insured steady flow and wide variety of goods to the empire)

1. BELIEF SYSTEMS
2. Christianity in Europe

• Roman Catholic Church located in Rome
• Church plagued with corruption: Buying to get position in church (simony), Used indulgences to fund massive building projects – led to Martin Luther mad and (EXAMPLE OF CHANGE IN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 1483–1546) starting protestant reformation (95 Theses)
• Council Of Trent: Catholics cleaned up the corruption that Protestants were complained about and reaffirmed that doctrine of salvation was fine
• Protestant Reformation led to Peasant wars in Germany – Peace of Augsburg: allowed local princes to determine religion in their land
• Protestant and Catholic reforms led to growth of Christianity
• Rival noble families were in competition for France throne – St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572 resulted in death of thousands of Huguenots (Henry of Navarre issued Edict of Nantes in 1598 to make it illegal to discriminate against religion but was pressured to convert to catholicism to maintain peace)

1. Political Rivalries intensified Islam splits

• Sha Ismail declared Safavid Empire would adhere to Shi’a which put them at odds with Sunni muslim empires nearby – led to intensifying the split
• Political rivalries between Ottoman v. Safavid intensified the split within islam between Sunni and Shi’a
• A division of military specifically designed to ensure that the people hated on the first 3 caliphs who succeeded Muhammad (not direct descendants)

1. Sikhism in South Asia

• Syncretic blend of both Hindu and Islamic doctrines
• Continuity: Monotheistic and cycle of reincarnation and death
• Changes: Discarded the gender hierarchies and caste system

1. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR, REVOLUTION AND POWERS
2. Glorious Revolution: CHAPTER 18 —- talk about the king

Griggs Slideshows:

Ch 16 - Changing of World Balance Circa 1450

Ch 17 - The World Economy 1450 - 1750

Griggs Slideshows:

Ch 24 PT 1 - Political Revolutions

Ch 25 - The New Imperialism

Ch 26 - Latin America 1810 - 1920

Ch 27 - Decline of Ottoman, Qing, and Islamic Heartland

Ch 28 - Russia and Japan

The Enlightenment & Renaissance

• An intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding (rationalism & empiricist (true knowledge gained by senses and experimentation) approaches to the natural world and human relationships)
• New ideas provided the ideological framework for the start of revolutions – originated thanks to scientific revolution in European where they used reason over religion

1. Europe was mainly christian but enlightenment thinkers saw it as a revealed religion which meant they were official and commands cant be questioned.
2. Enlightenment represented a new ship in authority from outside to inside
3. New belief systems
4. Deism: The god who created all things no longer intervene in the created order
5. Atheism: Complete rejection of religious beliefs and any notion of divine beings

• New political ideas emerged

1. Individualism: Most basic element of society was the individual human and not collective groups – progress and expansion of the individual over society
2. Natural rights: Individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity
3. John Locke: Everyone born with own life, liberty, and property given by god so they cannot be removed by a monarchy
4. Social contract: Human societies must construct governments of their own to protect their natural rights
5. People have the right to overthrow government and establish a new one

• Developments of new writings and art styles RENAISSANCE

1. Combined secular and worldly ideas: Albrecht Durer 1490s self portraits, Giovanni Bellini, El Greco used late renaissance style called
2. Mannerism: Dark contrasted with light and elongated features of the subjects
3. Baroque Style 1600s: Contrast of dark and light EX: Storm on the Sea of Galilee by Rembrant

• England Breaking from the Catholic Church 1534

1. Henry the 8th convinced nobles to save money by not paying the church so they passed The Act Of Supremacy in 1534: Made Henry the head of England churches (Anglican Church) and also maintained his power
2. His advisor Thomas More was executed b/c he claimed that it was heresy

• Effects of the Enlightenment

1. Major Revolutions: Rejected established traditions and new ideas about how political powers ought to work and played a role in upheavals
2. Nationalism: A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and linked desire for territory
3. Expansion of suffrage and women's suffrage: Right to vote spread thanks to ideas of equality and liberty
4. Feminist movement arose to demand equality EX: French feminist Olympe De Gouges wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman to criticize french constitution
5. End of Serfdom: The shift from agricultural economy to an industrial economy made peasants bound to land unnecessary
6. Peasant revolts in various places induced England, France, and Russia to abolish serfdom
7. Abolition of Slavery: Criticized for complete disregard for people's natural rights and liberty
8. Abolitionist Movement (1807) in Great Britain and Great Jamaica Revolt (1831)

REVOLUTIONS

• Causes of Revolutions (American - French - Haitian - Latin America)

1. Nationalism
2. Some states tried to use it to their advantage to foster a sense of unity among their people (Nationalist Themes EX: Russians to only speak russian in territorial holdings, Public Rituals, and Military Service)
3. Political Dissent: Widespread discontent with monarchist and imperial rule
4. EX: Safavid Empire tried to impose harsh new taxes and was met with rebellion by militaristic nomadic groups – Weakening of Safavid Empire
5. New ways of thinking: Development of new ideologies and systems of government
6. Popular Sovereignty: The power to govern was in the hands of the people
7. Democracy: People have the right to vote and influence the policies of the gov.
8. Liberalism: An economic and political ideology that emphasizes the protection of civil rights, representative gov, protection of private property, and economic freedom

• Global Revolutions

1. French Revolution (1789)
2. Played a part in helping American get rid of Britain's control and later saw their own absolutist king as stupid (After 7 year war b/c Britain and France had a rivalry)
3. People rebelled and established a republic after French King Louis the 16th after he attempted to tighten control in order to pay his own war debts
4. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and CItizen: Emphasized natural rights and popular sovereignty
5. Haitian Revolution (1791)
6. Originally France’s most prosperous colony and took note from the French revolution about Liberty and equality
7. Toussaint Louverture and leader of enslaved people to revolt and eventually defeat the French – Established second republic in the western hemisphere after the US
8. Latin American Revolutions
9. Inspiration from the previous revolutions led to resentment then revolution
10. Creole class (European heritage but born in the Americas) were not happy about peninsulares getting the most political power
11. Napoleon's invasion of Spain and deposition of the portuguese monarchy created unstable political situation led to Simon Bolivar appealing to colonial subjects
12. Propaganda Movement
13. Philippines were controlled by the Spanish but absorbed enlightenment ideas
14. Spanish saw this as a threat so they repressed these ideas leading to a revolution
15. Nationalism playing a role in the unification of Germany and Italy

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: Process by which states transitioned from mainly agrarian to industrial economy

• Altered world’s balance of political power and made industrial nations rich
• Great Britain (1750)

1. Proximity to waterways enabled efficient and rapid transportation of manufactured goods to various markets
2. Geographic distribution of and abundance of coal and iron – First phase of industrialization revolution would be powered by burning coal as well as increased the production of iron (used to construct bridges, machines, railroads)
3. Abundant access to foreign resources (Build massive maritime empire by establishing colonies therefore had crazy amounts of raw materials
4. Improved agricultural productivity and new foods from columbian exchange (potato) Introduced high caloric foods which helped with health (agricultural revolution: improved methods of planting (crop rotation, seed drill) increased amount of food grown on farms)
5. Rapid urbanization from mechanized farming lead to more efficiency – jobs from farms to factories in urban areas (human labor)
6. Legal protection of private property: protected entrepreneurs who took risks in investing
7. Accumulation of capital: Atlantic slave trade = wealth gain so people used extra to invest

• Factory Systems: Goods for sale were mass produced by machines

1. Didn't require skill to operate a significant specialization of labor –

• Spread of Industrialization:

1. Steam engine/power: converted fossil fuels into mechanical energy (could be built anywhere compared to water powered engines that needed to be near bodies of water)
2. Power shifted to those of industrialized countries
3. Shifting of world economies: Slow adapters often lacked abundant coal deposits, landlocked or were hindered by historically powerful groups
4. Middle east and Asia (previously had been manufacturing powerhouses) started to see a share their share of production for the world decline

EX: India and Egypt were originally used for textile manufacturing were overpowered by Britain's mass production of textiles

1. India and Egypt were previously experienced in shipbuilding but after being colonized by Britain, the british royal navy thrived

TECHNOLOGY OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

• 1st IR mainly in UK (1750 - 1830) – 2nd IR Europe, US, Russia, Japan (1870 - 1914)

1. 1st IR relied on coal as the main engine for the steam engine by James Watt
2. 2nd IR relied on oil – internal combustion engine was developed to harness the energy of gasoline (more efficient then steam and powered automobiles)

• 2nd Industrial Revolution introduced new technologies

1. Steel – Bessemer Process combined iron with carbon and was way cheap to produce and more diverse than iron
2. Chemical Engineering – Developed synthetic dyes for textiles and used vulcanization as the process to make rubber harder and more durable
3. Rise in electricity – Electric streetcars and subways provided mass transit in major cities

• Effects of New Technology

1. Development of Interior Regions – Moved from coastal to inside countries
2. Increase in trade and migration – states across the world became interlinked

NEW ECONOMIC REALITIES THAT AFFECTED CHANGE

• Slow removal of Mercantilism and in favor of free market economies

1. Adam Smith (laissez faire) claimed that mercantilism is coercive and only benefited the elite

• Free market critics

1. Jeremy Bentham: Argued the cure for the suffering of the working class and society was not free but government legislation
2. Friedrich List: Rejected global free market principles as a trick from the British to bring all other economies under their control – Developed Zollverein: customs union that reduced trade barriers between german states but put tariffs on imported goods

• Trans-National Corporations: Company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries

1. Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation (1865) controlled by british to organize and control British imperial ventures
2. Unilever Corporation: A joint company established by the british and the Dutch that manufactured household goods (soap)

Opened factories in multiple countries while sourcing raw materials from colonial holdings in west africa and the belgian congo – funded by new banking practices

1. Stock Markets: Sold stocks which were small portions of ownership
2. Limited Liability: Protected the financial investments of its owners who took risks

• Effects but overall all western industrialized nations were far richer in 1900 then in 1800

1. Rising standards of living thanks to consumer goods – rapid enrichment of industrialized societies created a growing middle class
2. Middle class had flooded the market with further development of manufacturing technology – more production and efficiency

REACTIONS TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

1. Political reforms: western nations recognizing the right to vote
2. Liberals and conservatives in britain and france incorporated social reforms into their platforms b/c people who wanted reforms were voting
3. Social Reforms
4. Working class people organized themselves into social societies providing insurance for sickness and social events
5. Educational Reforms
6. 1870 - 1914 European gov passed compulsory education laws for kids because it prepared them for new kinds of jobs
7. High paying jobs became more technical and specialized
8. Urban Reforms (intense crowdings)
9. Became dangerous and didn't have much sanitation - government passed laws and invested in sanitation infrastructure (sewers)

• Rise of Labor Unions: A collective of workers who join together in order to protect their own interests

1. Large numbers of workers gave them more power to negotiate with employers – unions multiplied and argued for higher wages, limited working hours, and better conditions
2. Developed into political parties to enact reforms on the behalf of the working class: EX: German Social Democratic Party – wanted Marxist reform
3. Marxist: Scientific Socialism - Capitalism unstable b/c created division in classes

Griggs Slideshows:

Ch 24 PT 2 - Makings of Industrial Society

New Imperialism: Netherlands/Belgium, France, Britain, Germany, Japan, and US

1. Focus on dominating maritime trade in indian ocean and colonizing the Americas fueled by demand for raw materials due to industrialization
2. Focus on Asia and the partition of Africa

Ideologies that Motivated the 2nd Wave of Imperialism

1. Nationalism: Commonality among people thanks to enlightenment ideas – led to a rivalry to claim larger empires
2. Scientific Racism: The idea that humans can be hierarchically ranked in distinct biological classes based on race.

Europeans thought themselves as the best and was originally divided into christian and non christians but the scientific part divides them into whites and non-whites

1. Social Darwinism: Western industrial society have proven their ways are best suited for the current global environment same idea as natural selection – species survive because they are better adapted
2. Civilizing Mission: A sense of duty western (industrial) societies possessed to bring the glories of their civilizations to “lower” societies
3. Send christian missionaries to colonized lands to convert to christianity
4. Reorganizing colonial governments into western models
5. Impose western style education – also used to suppress indigenous language and culture

1450 - 1750: Geographical Focus on Americas, Asia, and Southeast Asia

Spain and Portugal as main colonizers

1750 - 1900: Geographical Focus on Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia

Spain and Portugal are declining while GB, France, and Dutch are thriving

Methods of Imperial Expansion

INDIGENOUS RESISTANCE RXNS AND CAUSES

1. First Cause: Increasing questions about political authority
2. Many imperial powers introduced western style education to some folks under their imperial thumb
3. Enlightenment thoughts influenced education (popular sovereignty, social contract, etc)
4. Second Cause: Growing sense of nationalism
5. When imperial powers imposed their will and culture on various colonized people, it induced a sense of nationalism in the conquered peoples
6. Direct Resistance (used weapons)
7. Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, Tupac Amaru 2 in Peru
8. Yaa Asante-Waa War in West Africa – Britain made attempts to conquer the Asante Kingdom to gain their gold territory above the gold coast colony and eventually won
9. Creation of New States
10. Creation of the Cherokee nation in US (America gained independence) and wanted to push westward therefore disrupting indigenous peoples
11. Religious Rebellion
12. Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in West Africa – New prophecy emerged that if the Xhosa people killed their cattle then the new healthy cattle would rise to replace them – Ancestral debt of the Xhosa would drive out invaders
13. Resulted in starvation which made it easier for British to invade

DEVELOPMENT OF EXPORT COLONIES

1. Industrialized imperial powers to take over and colonize because of raw materials so turned colonies into Export Colonies: Economies primarily focused on the export of raw materials or goods for distant markets
2. Pre Colonized the majority of lands relied on subsistence agriculture for survival
3. Imperial powers reorganized colonial economies around their natural resources to serve their own interests (extracting natural resources & production of industrial crops)
4. Led to cash crops and colonies could only grow/dig that specific crop
5. 1st Cause of Economic Development: Needed raw materials for industrial factories
6. Ex: India and Egypt provided Britain with cotton Ex: Palm oil plantations in Africa
7. 2nd Cause of Economic Development: Need to supply food to growing urban centers
8. Effect of industrialization was Urbanization = Urban cities with more people in need of food – Imported food from colonies
9. 1st Effects of Economic Development: Profits from exports were used to purchase finished manufactured goods
10. Britain doubled their colonial holdings and was now focused on integrating a network of trade – Colonies to provide a closed market (Profits gained from exporting natural resources went to purchasing finished manufactured goods exported by imperial states)
11. 2nd Effect of Economic Development: A growing economic dependence of colonial people on their imperial parents
12. The reorganization of the colonial economy served only the interest of the parents, not the indigenous people – colonial people became more dependent upon them for their own well being

ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM: The act of one state extending control over another state by economic means

1. EX: The Opium Wars (1839 - 1860)
2. Failure to industrialize which left them vulnerable – Restricted British trade to only one port = a trade imbalance (High demand for chinese, little for British)
3. All silver pooling in China so British created a product the Chinese would love and illegally exported it into China
4. Qing banned Opium and destroyed British shipments so British retaliated
5. Resulted in Treaty of Nanjing, new trading ports and showed chinese that Industrialized military wins everytime

Qing Dynasty decline thanks to Taiping Rebellion in 19th century

1. Ethnic Hans to remove foreign Manchu rulers and didn't have time to industrialize
2. Rulers spent tons of money, killed tons of people and managed to win
3. Second Opium War when British and French (sided w/ China) invaded weakend Qing
4. China was not colonized but divided into Spheres of Influence for Europe
5. Port of Buenos Aires
6. 19th century Argentina — British businesses and banks invested in Argentina to improve its infrastructure and construct railroads close to factories (operations to extract raw materials from Argentina and export to Britain) resulting in dependence on British investment
7. Trade in Commodities: Any good that can be bought and sold on a market
8. Reorganized colonia economies in order to focus on trade and commodities

Ex: India and Egypt provided Britain with cotton which made them dependent on external demand

Ex: Palm oil plantations in West Africa b/c oil lubricated machines in factories

Griggs Slideshows:

Ch 29 - WW1

Ch 30 - Age of Anxiety

Ch 31 - Road to WW 2

The Shift in State Power After 1900 - end of the 19th century, many maritime and land based empires

would fall apart and give rise to new states

• Decline of the Ottoman empire

1. Young Ottomans (western educated) called for liberal political change
2. Allowed a parliament and a constitution but when they were threatened with war from Russia – went back to dictator style
3. Young Turks wanted complete modernization of Ottoman Empire (Nationalism so Ottomans envisioned as Turks) – 1908 overthrew Sultan Abdul Hamid 2 and made reforms (new nationalist policies, multi-party democracy )
4. Reforms consisted of secularization of schools & law codes, establishment of political election, and imposition of Turkish language (ethnic cleansing from CUP)

• Russian Revolution (1905)

1. Made some industrialization under Tsar Alexander the 2nd along with his successor Nicholas 2
2. Middle class demanded more voice and hated authoritarian policies and working class also suffered effects of state sponsored industrialization
3. Nicholas 2 created constitution, political parties, and labor unions but often ignored them which rose even more anger
4. WW1 and continued difficulties of industrialization led to Russian Revolution of 1917 which was led by Marxist visionary Vladimir Lenin (leader of Bolsheviks)
5. Succeeded and established power as a communist nation – Soviet Union

• Collapse of Qing China

1. Internal Issues: Taiping Rebellion External Issues: Lost both Opium Wars and lost Sino Japanese War (couldn't beat industrialized japan)
2. Society of righteous and Harmonious Fists led Boxer Revolution: Fight foreign leaders but since broke – British, French, Japanese, etc sent in troops to stop but also demanded more
3. Sun Yat Sen led to end of Qing emperor – Short lived and Mao Zedong ruled Communist state

• The Mexican Revolution (1910 - 1920)

1. 19th into 20th century Mexico ruled by Porfirio Diaz (dictator) but his policies angered almost every social class of Mexico – Francisco Madero elected president in 1910 but assassinated
2. His death resulted in the rise of peasant armies (Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata)
3. 1917 Mexico emerged as a republic with new constitution that addressed reforms
4. EX: Universal male suffrage, minimum wage for workers, decoupling of the catholic church from political and economic power
5. Late 1920s, PNR (National Revolutionary Party) turned into PNR (Institutional Revolutionary Party) focused nationalization of Mexican mining and oil industries

WW1 (1914 - 1918)

Causes:

1. Assansiation of Franz Fernand in 1913 (Austrian Throne)
2. Balkan War (Balkin region was originally a Powder Keg) w/ Serbs under Austrian control
3. Serbian nationalist group in Austria - Hungary used the Black Hand to kill
4. Alliances
5. Established out of the interest of national security or isolate rival states and even established mobilization time tables for railroads for the possibility of war
6. Triple Alliance/Central Powers: Germany, Austria - Hungary, Italy but then pulled out
7. Triple Entendre/Allied Powers: Russia, Britain, France, Serbia, Italy, US joined during last year
8. Military
9. Idea of building up their military to protect their own interests ant the rapid industrialization helped create military weapons and which were more deadly
10. Germany became unified so they had rapid industrialization and build up of military becoming the most powerful military source
11. Britain's commitment to militarism drained their national resources
12. Trench warfare, guns, ships, tanks, machine guns
13. Imperialism
14. Desire to project power on the world stage b/c larger empires = greater power
15. Nationalism
16. European countries embraces nationalistic messages and taught them in school mainly to glorify the commonality of their own people
17. Tactic to define other European nations as the enemy and were even under threat from other nations – Met with force not compromise

How WW1 (Total War) was Fought:

1. Used both military and civilian forces (civilians also targeted)
2. Used propaganda to demonize enemies and exaggerate the atrocities they were committing – also to motivate people into making sacrifices for their country
3. Intensified forces of nationalism and viewed the world as a collection of enemy rivals
4. Total War Strategies
5. New military technology made WW1 the most deadly
6. Trench Warfare led to stalemates with little progress but huge casualties
7. Imperial powers to use troops from their colonies/allies b/c colonies hoped to gain independence (Africa, India, China, etc)
8. End of War
9. Entry of the US b/c Germany sank their ships and sent letters to Mexico (Zimmerman Telegram) and fresh troops won Allied Powers
10. 1918 Signed Treaty of Versailles with Germany being heavily punished

Global Economy POST WW1

1. Treaty of Versailles
2. Germany couldn't pay back the debt so printed more money – hyperinflation
3. Germany couldn't pay back Britain and France so they couldn't pay back US
4. Colonial governments suffered because their parent countries economies decreased
5. Soviet Economics
6. Soviets left WW1 early b/c of Russian Revolution
7. Vladimir Lenin instituted New Economic Policy in 1923 to introduce limited free market principles but then disappeared when he died in 1924
8. Joseph Stalin introduced 5 Year Plan to quickly industrialize the Soviet industrial capacity – bent on brutality and used collectivization of agriculture: merging privately owned farms into large sprawling collective farms owned by the state
9. Kulak (wealthy landowning class) resisted and got arrested while the peasantry were unable to match production quotas
10. Ukraine resisted – forced famine called Holodomor

The Great Depression 1929 US Stock Market Crash

1. Other countries depended on the US for funding but no funding led to global issues
2. Under Franklin D Roosevelt, he enlisted the NEW DEAL
3. The government put people to work on infrastructure projects
4. Introduced a government sponsored retirement program
5. Created government medical insurance for elderly and children

Unresolved Tensions After WW1 (Interwar Period)

1. Mandate System in Middle East
2. Colonial people that fought for their parent country in WW1 didn’t get independence as a reward – some maintained them or in even some ways gained colonial territory as a result
3. New states like the Republic of Turkey emerged under leadership of Mufasta Kamal (Ataturk)
4. Victorious powers to dismantle Ottoman and German empires then divide their colonial territories among each other
5. Woodrow Wilson kept insisting during peace negotiations that states should have the right to govern themselves (self determination) but refused by Britain and France
6. Middle Eastern territories would become mandates administered by the league of nations but British and French treated them all like colonies
7. Class A - Large populations and sufficiently developed
8. Class B - Large populations but underdeveloped (African colonies)
9. Class C - Smallest population and least developed treated like colonies
10. Japan had power as a non western nation
11. Invaded Manchuria to expand empire and gain access to natural resources
12. Quit the League of Nations (violated its rules) and 1932 created Manchukuo
13. Anti Imperial Resistance (Both unsuccessful for independence until post WW2)
14. Indian National Congress – pre WW1 and wanted self rule for India from Britain
15. African National Congress - South Africa by western educated to gain equal rights for colonial subjects (influenced by pan africanism: unity for all black)

WW2 (1939 - 1945)

Causes:

1. Unsustainable peace b/c Britain and France harsh on Italy & Germany in Treaty of Versailles
2. Italy - Did not receive promised land grants (even if they joined the allied powers)
3. Germany - required to pay reparations to winners but didn't have the money and plunged into hyperinflation, forced demilitarization made them vulnerable, war guilt that Germany was to accept entire blame for war
4. Continued Imperialism
5. Japan expanding into China and parts of the pacific while since Italy didn't get any land, they expanded on their own in parts of Africa (conquered ethiopia)
6. Germany under Adolf Hitler took back land but no one stopped him
7. Economic Crisis
8. Great Depression led to unemployment – people liked the idea of an authoritarian leader to save their ass
9. Rise of Facism/Totalitarian Regimes
10. Joseph Stalin in power and wanted to spread communism outside of the soviet union
11. Facism: A political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership and militaristic means to achieve its goals
12. Mussolini rose to power in Italy and organized fascist state – low standard of living but provided social security and public services
13. Hitler rose nationalist groups to name socialist, communist, and jews as the enemy
14. Germany to cancel reparations payment, remilitarized Germany (Focus on war production), territorial expansion, and rid “impure races
15. Most immediate cause of WW2: Hitlers Invasion of Poland (1939)
16. Germany for Lebensraum (living space) so started conquering which brought attention to Western Powers
17. Alliances arose again and Germany broke Russia's non aggression pact and invaded
18. US provided funds and tools to Britain but was bombed by Japan during pearl harbor
19. Mobilization
20. CONTINUITIES W/ WW1 IN PREPARATION AND WAGED
21. Used propaganda to increase nationalism and hate for their enemies
22. Used to sow fear – assembled massive armies and civilians involved
23. Ideologies: Facism to serve interest of the state (germany, italy, and Japan), Communism for rapid industrialization in 5 year plans to increase output of work and agriculture (USSR), Democracy’s propaganda dubbed as “people's war” b/c couldn't control them – promised expansion of welfare state (GB Winston Churchill)
24. CHANGES W/ SCOPE OF WAR AND DEADLY
25. Repression of Basic Freedoms Across all Nations – Japanese Americans post Pearl Harbor, Jews for Nuremberg Laws
26. Strategies and Technologies
27. Blitzkrieg: Shock strategy aimed to eliminate enemy with speed (air assaults and tanks completely ridding trench warfare from WW1)
28. Firebombing – meant to fall on urban areas and spread fires (used by Allied powers)
29. Technology: Atomic Bomb from US on Japan which led to Japan's surrender of WW2 in Pacific
30. Mass Atrocities
31. 2 World Wars
32. New Technologies
33. Rise of extremist political ideologies
34. Amerinian Genocide: 1915 - 1916 Ottoman program of revisioning state as primarity Turkick under Young Turks

• Ottoman scared that Armenians might support invading enemy armies so they started mass extinction and relocation

1. Holocaust In Germany

• Nuremberg Laws: Stripped jews of rights and forced them into ghettos where they were abused, brutalized
• Hitler used industrial technologies to build concentration camps

1. Cambodian genocide

• Khmer Rouge (Communist leadership in Cambodia) under leadership of Pol Pot and China’s support
• Turn into agrarian state and rid all western influence
• Targeted educated population and made everyone else work in labor camps

Griggs Slideshows:

Ch 32 PT 1 - Cold War

Ch 32 PT 2 - Soviet Bloc

Ch 33 - Latin America

Ch 34 - Middle East and South Asia's Independence

COLD WAR: State of hostility that exists between two states chiefly characterized by an ideological struggle rather than open warfare.

Griggs Slideshows:

Ch 35 - East Asia Today

Ch 36 - Power, Politics, and Conflict Since

Ch 37 - Globalization and Resistance